FIELDWORK
Collection of water and soil samples
Water and soil samples are collected from various sampling points along the Butuanon River to capture spatial and temporal variations in environmental conditions. These samples are carried to the lab for subsequent microbiological and molecular analyses. These samples form the foundation for assessing water quality and AMR in Butuanon river.
Collection of periphyton samples
Periphyton samples are collected from submerged surfaces (especially rocks) along the Butuanon river. Biofilm communities are carefully scraped and preserved for laboratory analysis. Studying periphyton provides further valuable insights into the ecological condition of the river.
Physico-chemical measurements
Key water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are measured directly at each sampling site. These physicochemical data provide important context for interpreting biological findings and understanding environmental factors that influence AMR in the Butuanon River.